Umahluko phakathi kokwahlulwahlulwa, i-Hydrogenation kunye ne-Esterification yeeoyile kunye namafutha.

Umahluko phakathi kokwahlulwahlulwa, i-Hydrogenation kunye ne-Esterification yeeoyile kunye namafutha.

Ukwahlulahlula, ihydrogenation, kunye ne-esterification ziiteknoloji ezintathu eziphambili zokutshintsha iipropati zomzimba nezekhemikhali zeoyile kunye namafutha ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zoshishino lokutya. Umahluko oyintloko phakathi kwazo ukwimigaqo eyahlukileyo eziyisebenzisayo ukuguqula iipropati zeoyile kunye namafutha. Ngezantsi, sibonisa uthelekiso olucacileyo lomahluko wazo ngetheyibhile kunye neenkcazo ezineenkcukacha.

Isishwankathelo soMmahluko oPhambili

Ipropati	Ukuhlukaniswa	Ukufakelwa kwe-hydrogenation	Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-esterification
Indalo	Utshintsho lomzimba	Utshintsho lwekhemikhali	Utshintsho lwekhemikhali
Umgaqo	Ukwahlukana okusekelwe kumahluko we-melting point kwii-triglycerides ezahlukeneyo ngokupholisa, ukwakheka kwekristale, kunye nokuhluza.	Ukongeza i-hydrogen kwiibhondi eziphindwe kabini ze-unsaturated fatty acids phantsi kwesenzo se-catalyst.	Ukulungisa kwakhona ii-fatty acids kumqolo we-glycerol ngokungacwangciswanga okanye ngokwecala phantsi kwesenzo se-catalyst okanye i-enzyme.
Injongo	Ukwahlula iioyile zibe ziinxalenye ze-high-melting-point (stearin) kunye ne-low-melting-point (olein).	Ukwandisa iqondo lokunyibilika kweeoyile ukuze ziguqulwe ukusuka kulwelo ukuya kwimo eqinileyo okanye eqinileyo; ukuphucula uzinzo lwe-oxidative.	Ukutshintsha iimpawu zekristale kunye ne-plasticity yeeoyile ngaphandle kokutshintsha ukwakheka kwe-fatty acid.
Impembelelo kwi-Fatty Acids	Akukho tshintsho kwisakhiwo seekhemikhali ze-fatty acids.	Utshintsho kwisakhiwo seekhemikhali zee-fatty acids: ii-unsaturated fatty acids → ii-saturated fatty acids; zinokuvelisa ii-trans fatty acids.	Akukho tshintsho kwisakhiwo seekhemikhali ze-fatty acids nganye, kodwa utshintsho kwindlela ezisasazwa ngayo kwi-glycerol backbone.
Iimpawu zeMveliso	Fumana iimveliso ezimbini nangaphezulu ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo zomzimba (umz., i-palm olein kunye ne-palm stearin kwi-palm oil).	Fumana iioyile ezine-hydrogenated ezinobume obuqinileyo kunye nozinzo olungcono.	Fumana iioyile ezinee-curves ezintsha zokunyibilika kunye nobume obutsha, njenge-margarine engenamafutha kunye ne-shortening.
Umzekeliso olula	Njengokushiya ioyile ngaphandle ebusika, ukwahlula ioyile engamanzi kwinxalenye eqinileyo.	Njengokuqinisa iimolekyuli ezingazinzanga ukuzenza zibe "ziqinile" kwaye "zizinzile" ngakumbi.	Njengokuxuba idekhi yamakhadi (ii-fatty acids) ukuze ufumane isandla esitsha (ioyile entsha).

Inkcazo eneenkcukacha

1. Ukwahlulahlula

• Ingcinga ephambili: Ukwahlukana, hayi utshintsho.

• Inkqubo: Fudumeza ioyile kancinci ukuze inyibilike, uze uyipholise kancinci kubushushu obuthile. Iitriglycerides ezinamaqondo aphezulu okunyibilika ziya kuqala ziqine, zenze amasuntswana aqinileyo. Ezi kristale ziqinileyo (i-stearin) zinokwahlulwa kwioyile engamanzi (i-olein) ngokuhluza okanye ngokuyicoca.

• Imizekelo yokusetyenziswa:

o Ukuqhekezwa kweoyile yesundu: Le yeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokusebenzisa iteknoloji yokuqhekezwa. Ioyile yesundu ingaqhekezwa ukuze kufunyanwe i-palm olein (esetyenziselwa ioyile yokupheka, ioyile yokuqhotsa) kunye ne-palm stearin (esetyenziselwa i-margarine, i-shortening, kunye namafutha e-confectionery).

o Ukuqhekezwa kwebhotolo: Ivelisa amafutha ebhotolo acocekileyo, asetyenziselwa ukwenza iipastries ezikumgangatho ophezulu.

• Iingenelo: Inkqubo yomzimba ecocekileyo, akukho tshintsho lweekhemikhali olungenisiweyo, akukho zi-reagents zeekhemikhali, kwaye imveliso yendalo.

2. Ukufakelwa kwe-hydrogen

• Ingcinga ephambili: Yongeza i-hydrogen ukuze ioyile ibe "lukhuni" kwaye "iqine ngakumbi".

• Inkqubo: Phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu, uxinzelelo oluphezulu, kwaye xa kukho i-catalyst yesinyithi (ngesiqhelo i-nickel), igesi ye-hydrogen idluliselwa kwi-oyile engamanzi. I-Hydrogen iya kongeza kwiibhondi eziphindwe kabini kwimixokelelwane ye-asidi yamafutha engagcwaliyo, inciphise okanye isuse iibhondi eziphindwe kabini.

o I-hydrogenation engaphelelanga: Iibhondi ezimbini azigcwali ngokupheleleyo, kwaye inani elikhulu lee-trans fatty acids lenziwa ngeli xesha lenkqubo. Ngenxa yeengozi zempilo ze-trans fatty acids, iye yathintelwa kumazwe amaninzi nakwiindawo ezininzi.

o I-hydrogenation epheleleyo: Iibhondi eziphindwe kabini ziphantse zagcwala ngokupheleleyo, ikakhulu zivelisa ii-asidi ezinamafutha agcweleyo (i-stearic acid), kwaye phantse azinazo ii-asidi ezinamafutha agqithisileyo. Iioyile ezifakwe i-hydrogen ngokupheleleyo ziqinile kwaye ziyaqhekeka, kwaye zihlala zifuna ukuxutywa neoyile engamanzi okanye zilungiswe ngokutshintshwa kwe-ester ukuze kuguqulwe iipropati zazo.

• Imizekelo yokusetyenziswa:

o Ukuvelisa i-shortening kunye ne-margarine: Guqula i-oyile yesoya engamanzi, i-oyile ye-rapeseed, njl.njl. ibe yimo eqinileyo yokubhaka nokusasaza.

o Ukuphucula uzinzo lweoyile: Yandisa ixesha lokugcinwa kweoyile yokuqhotsa nokutya okuqulethe ioyile.

• Iingxaki: Ivelisa ii-trans fatty acids eziyingozi (i-hydrogenation engaphelelanga) kwaye ilahlekelwa zii-fatty acids ezibalulekileyo.

3. Utshintshiselwano lwe-Ester

• Ingcinga ephambili: "Ukuxubha", ukutshintsha ulwakhiwo lwee-triglycerides.

• Inkqubo: Phantsi kwesenzo se-catalyst yeekhemikhali (efana ne-sodium methoxide) okanye i-lipase, ii-fatty acid glycerides kwiimolekyuli zeoyile "ziyaqhekeka", kwaye emva koko ii-fatty acids zidityaniswe ngokungacwangciswanga okanye kwicala elinye kwi-glycerol backbone ukuze zenze iimolekyuli ezintsha ze-triglyceride.

o Ukutshintshiselana kwee-ester okungacwangciswanga: Ii-fatty acids zihlelwa ngokutsha ngokungacwangciswanga phakathi kwazo zonke iimolekyuli.

o Ukutshintshiselana kwe-ester okuqondisiweyo: Phantsi kweemeko ezithile (ezifana nobushushu obulawulwayo), inkqubo yokulungiswa kwakhona ijoliswe kwicala elifunekayo.

• Imizekelo yokusetyenziswa:

o Ukuvelisa i-trans-fat-free shortening kunye ne-margarine: Le yeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yanamhlanje yokutshintshana kwee-ester. Ngokwenza utshintsho lwee-ester phakathi kwe-stearin egcwele i-hydrogenated (ngaphandle kwee-trans acids) kunye neoyile engamanzi, amafutha eplastiki anobume obufanelekileyo kwaye awanazo ii-trans fatty acids anokufunyanwa.

o Ukuphucula ukuhambelana kwezinto ezithatha indawo yebhotolo yekoko.

o Ukutshintsha isakhiwo sekristale se-lard nebhotolo ukuphucula ukusebenza kwazo ekubhakeni.

• Iingenelo: Ingatshintsha kakhulu iipropati zomzimba zeeoyile ngaphandle kokuvelisa ii-trans fatty acids, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yindlela ephambili yokutshintsha iteknoloji ye-hydrogenation engaphelelanga.

Ukuba ufuna ukwahlula ioyile ibe ziinxalenye ezinamaqondo ahlukeneyo okunyibilika, sebenzisa i-fractionation. Ukuba ufuna ukwenza ioyile engamanzi ibe nzima kwaye izinzile, ngokwesiko kusetyenziswa i-hydrogenation, kodwa qaphela ingxaki ye-trans fatty acids. Ukuba ufuna ukulungisa ubulukhuni, ubume kunye ne-plasticity yeoyile ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-hydrogenation, enokuvelisa i-trans fatty acids, ke i-transesterification lolona khetho lufanelekileyo. Kwishishini leoyile lanamhlanje, ezi ndlela zintathu zihlala zidityaniswe ukuvelisa iimveliso zeoyile ezisebenzayo ezihlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo ezithile.